Mexican Immigrants in the United States Essay Example for Free

Mexican Immigrants in the United States Essay Unique Choosing to concentrate on the Mexican Immigrant in the United States working environment will assist with building up a comprehension of how hierarchical choices safeguard the acknowledgment and incorporation of the gathering with those of the organization’s in-bunch making a bound together workplace. Chao and Willaby (2007) conjectured that everybody had their own vision of how the world functions and following up on it dependent on what they have seen as being valid; now and then the dreams of others are hard to comprehend or acknowledge, which can cause struggle and estrangement in the work environment. As per Adu-Febiri (2006) the duty of transformational authority is to raise representative mindfulness; along these lines, starting the excursion for a comprehensive and bound together workplace. Mei and Russ (2007) recognized that management’s goal ought to be to assist hierarchical workers with establishing an establishment of building up the center and social capabilities that are basic to creating successful techniques for upholding change and social mixing. The aftereffects of this paper and the finishing of worker meetings will assist with elevating territories of self-realization and ethnic and semantic abilities of the creator and every social gathering she will be responsible. Mexican Immigrants in the United States Workplace Introduction Chao and Willaby (2007) prompted that everybody had their own vision of how the world functions and that everybody performs as per their impression of the correct method to live as a piece of that world. Greenwood (2007) fights there are varying view of how the world works makes complex difficulties when attempting to mix contrasting convictions toward a brought together condition. The accompanying writing survey centers around raising the degree of decent variety cognizance as it identifies with Mexican foreigners in the working environment. Deaux, Reid, Martin, and Bikmen (2006) distinguished that the Hispanic sociohistorical viewpoint gave critical data mirroring an autonomous gathering that is committed to their families and attempting to get by in a situation that frequently hates them being in the work environment. Parrado and Kandel (2010) fight the Hispanic gathering is one of the quickest developing minority bunches that has amplified the gracefully of low-talented specialists. The creator likewise distinguished the group’s battle with phonetic difficulties as being what kept numerous from accomplishing instructive requirements, which worsens the group’s correspondence in the work environment. Patterns in Workplace Diversity Globalization, innovation, and expanded portable capacity have made assorted ethnic and etymological difficulties looked about the globe. Greenwood (2008) fought that a portion of the Hispanic gathering decided to move to the United States in quest for a higher caliber of life; others settled on their choices dependent on a lower typical cost for basic items and others came uniquely to make a salary that could be sent back to their country to deal with family abandoned. Whatever the explanation behind the flood difficulties to accomplishing solidarity in the working environment start at the beginning and will turn out to be progressively intricate in nature as the quantity of ethnic and phonetic minorities keep on developing. The subjective investigation performed by deCastro, Fujishiro, Sweitzer, and Oliva, (2006) guessed the negative work environment encounters of minority bunches were comprehensive of etymological boundaries, poor and dangerous working conditions, unlawful techniques for pay, business related wounds, and, at long last, a steady loss of employments. Adu-Febiri (2006) conjectured that work environment conditions require the production of chances for consideration of all related with the association that registers all toward a genuine multicultural character. Effect of Global Economy deCastro, et al (2006) gave that the effects of a worldwide economy are extensive and have served to change the very texture of social convictions and network structures. The creators clarify that a large number of the in-vagrants consider the to be economies as another and promising element of success; while a considerable lot of the local gathering trusts it to be the omen of fate. For better and more terrible, everybody should find out about and from each other. Rizvi (2009) conjectured the effect of a worldwide economy as being acknowledged in regular exercises, for example, forms at work, social interrelationships, capital, data trades, food and merchandise, and thoughts. The worldwide economy changed the elements of working with the upgrade of innovation, correspondence, governmental issues, and migration. Adu-Febiri’s (2006) disputes of the worldwide condition incorporated the potential for social disintegration because of an absence of human factor competency. As business globalization develops so do the difficulties for keeping up ethnic social standards in a way that makes work environment incorporation. Chao and Willaby (2007) reverberated Adu-Febiri’s contemplations when they attested the globalization has made the test of the recruiting of outsiders around the globe; the creators keep up, â€Å"†¦has no geographic, political, or social bounds† (Chao and Willaby, p. 32, 2007). The creators further distinguished difficulties of minority ethnic and semantic gatherings have been to clutch their social and phonetic cosmetics: Globalization has urged numerous to dress the way different dresses and eat what the different eats, the outcome being a social homogenization process and the inconspicuous feelings of ethnic social disgrace inside gatherings. Chao and Willaby (2007) clarified that diminishing and eventually disposing of the effect of social homogenization, the obvious and increasingly unpretentious types of separation, ethnic and etymological inclination requires the development of assorted variety cognizance as understood psychological consciousness of the board and workers. Separation Practices Carr-Ruffino (2005) disclosed that difficulties to guaranteeing segregation doesn't exist in the work environment requires an intensive comprehension of the setting it happens, which requires elevated levels of mindfulness and a noteworthy comprehension of every single ethnic gathering in the working environment. Findler, Wind, and Mor Barak (2007) stated that the consistently developing test of assorted variety has attempted to make requests that associations decide and actualize techniques for viably adapting to workforce decent variety. Various hypothetical perspectives and studies recognize ongoing ideas that incorporate impression of consideration or prohibition, reasonableness, social and hierarchical duty, work fulfillment, and the general feeling of prosperity. Another examination performed by Krings and Olivares (2007) scrutinized the effect of ethnicity, work type, predisposition, and the pledge to talk with separation rehearses from the business point of view. The investigation settled there was a higher potential for predisposition and unfair practices when there was an absence of decent variety cognizance. Echautegui-de-Jesus, et al (2006) clarified that working close by an ethnic and sexual orientation bunch the local gathering sees as being not the same as themselves makes difficulties emerging from imbalanced gathering powers. The Rubini, Moscatelli, Albarello, and Palmonari (2006) study looked at the prejudicial impacts of gathering force and social distinguishing proof as it identifies with phonetic segregation. The examination discovered more elevated levels of unfair practices were available when in-bunch members reacted in increasingly positive approach to other in-bunch individuals than they did with those thought about the outside gathering. Another investigation finished by Echautegui-de-Jesus, Hughes, Johnston, and Hyun (2006) inspected the impacts of the employee’s mental feeling of prosperity and occupation fulfillment as it identifies with worker execution. Echautegui-de-Jesus, et al (2006) distinguished that minority bunches frequently see themselves as being compromised with the loss of their translation of the world; the outcome being the loss of capacity to accomplish a feeling of having a place, which brings into center Robinson’s (2008) conflict that recognizing oppressive practices regularly depends on view of disputes of separation of the recipient. The requirement for more elevated levels of getting decent variety and the connection between accomplishing a feeling of prosperity will be basic to the Hispanic group’s proceeded with development as a piece of a worldwide world. The examinations and hypothetical perspectives evaluated gave a more profound knowledge to potential oppressive works on emerging from the enhancement of the working environment. Ruane (2010) clarified that as globalized work keeps on developing and develop, ability pools will increment in a way that incredibly upgrades an organization’s capacity to work together anyplace on the planet. Exploiting the globalized potential requires the board and representatives increase present expectations on decent variety awareness to make a feeling of prosperity for everybody in the working environment condition. Pleasing Diversity Ruane (2010) distinguished the requirement for obliging assorted variety in the work environment and that it required preparing, methodologies, and techniques for overseeing decent variety that made equity and a feeling of prosperity for everybody engaged with workplace. A basic advance toward recognizing the level and growing needs of assorted variety awareness requires the distinguishing proof of perspectives and executed plans that will keep up and increment the shared view between completely identified with the work environment. The investigation performed by Greenwood (2008) specified the more a work environment condition differentiates the more troublesome it would become for representatives to keep up the feeling of being a piece of a bound together workplace, which requires elevated levels of duty to assorted variety rehearses on a predictable premise. Ruane (2010) hypothesized the significance of energetically and straightforwardly making chances of incorporation starts with making open door for shared assorted variety encounters that will expand decent variety awareness after some time. The

Co-education Female Essay

The easy to refute issue on Co-training is persistently advancing through the State and persuading guardians and instructors that sex-division will uncover an indication of progress in student’s lives. In the United States, cooperation is a gigantic angle in people’s lives where the two young ladies and young men cooperate so as to accomplish their objective , notwithstanding, the two articles give instructive demonstrates that co-training could bring about disappointment due to the various generalizations in the public eye. The discussion predominantly centers around the detachment of both genders in school since â€Å"there is no additional expense. The discussion additionally gets the reader’s consideration by the distinctive research that numerous researchers did so as to demonstrate a reasonable outcome that will fulfill the guardians and educators. The division of genders in school could bring about progress of training and conduct with young men and young ladies. In light of Jennifer Medina’s article, educators will confront less issues if both genders are isolated since the young men will in general spotlight more on learning than on young ladies, what's more, young ladies will in general feel increasingly great partaking in class. Co-instruction will likewise bring about great collaboration particularly in the outside network in light of the fact that the two young ladies and young men will figure out how to convey. Be that as it may, from the boy’s perspective, they will in general be increasingly agreeable in communicating and find out about â€Å"being a man† in their own bodies. Notwithstanding those articles, the media will influence the guardians and the instructors around the state on account of exceptionally known and educative individuals in the public arena. For instance, Leonard Sax who is a success creator of Why Gender Matters and Michael Sax contends about single sex with an enormous crowd so as to demonstrate their realities about the partition and its significance. Interestingly, both sex trainings could likewise bring about progress around the state and in schools since young men and young ladies will figure out how to convey together and try sincerely as one network. What's more, numerous creators and researcher were looking for proof so as to demonstrate that Co-training could be to benefit their locale. For instance, an exploration on Bronx’s Eagle school expressed that both sexes’ classes will in general have higher grades around the state and will in general get high rates in their locale. Both genders will likewise learn and value that both genders are significant in everyone’s lives since they convey and cooperate outside of the learning network. Specialists additionally demonstrated that cooperating as both genders will likewise result a sign improvement in collaboration in light of the fact that numerous young ladies will in general be forgotten about in single-sex schools in cooperation ventures. Nearly, Co-Education and single instruction additionally have their issues in the public eye on account of their absence of specific lessons in schools. For instance , an examination demonstrated that young ladies will in general be more intelligent than young men and will in general tackle math and science quicker and progressively exact since there are various minds and every individual have an alternate indication of information and character. Be that as it may, since young ladies are more brilliant, they will in general request progressively itemized lessons and composing contents since they will have more things to clarify in their composing task. When conversely, young men need to expound on a basic game or an occupation they look for so as to set them up for what's to come. Despite the fact that, instructors who bolster single training will in general have different sentiments toward their methods of educating. For instance, Mr. Napolitano claims that he is progressively agreeable in communicating his emotions and considerations while educating to single sex homerooms in light of the fact that the young men will in general have a similar circumstance. Likewise he additionally shows a book called Patrol Boy so as to show young men that having a tattoo is certifiably not a material they should use in co-ed class. Taking everything into account, this discussion will in general demonstrate that solitary training will show more upgrades since the media will in general help it and furthermore the educators. The reasons that guardians ought to pick single training is on the grounds that they will improve monetarily and furthermore their understudies will confront less conduct issues and more school centered. Notwithstanding, co-ed schools will in general have higher scores and will show the understudies to cooperate so as to improve their discourse particularly outside in the public eye since they will be cooperating as one group. The two articles demonstrate that the two instructions will bring about holding together as understudies and as instructors in this general public on the grounds that toward the finish of this discussion the two study halls will educate and learning in the states.

Erik Erikson theory of development essay

Erik Erikson theory of development essay 8 main stages of Eriksons theory Erik Erikson is a talented psychologist that created his theory about human development. He separated the entire life on eight phases and defined the main characteristics that affect peoples behavior on each stage. According to the theory, we can explain why people do what they do, and how they interact with environment. As Erikson said, each person goes through these 8 phases during their life cycle. Stage of infancy (0 â€" 18 months old) On this phase, babies interact with the environment through touches and visual contact. If parents care of baby properly, she or he will definitely feel trust, confidence and optimism. Without feeling of trust, a child may experience such feelings as insecurity, worthlessness and fear. Stage of toddler (18 months â€" 3 years old) On this phase, the child learns to build their self-esteem as well as interact with the world and learn new skills. Children of the age two can be stubborn, angry and naughty, trying to show their personality to parents and other children. Its important for parents to remember that children of this age are vulnerable, so they may feel shame if they are unable to learn some skills. Stage of preschooler (3 â€" 5 years old) Children of this age like to copy adult people and play toys, experimenting with new roles. These kids explore the world very active and use the question “why?” quite often. They want adults to explain all things they dont know. They try to identify their social roles and at this age, its very important for kids to have good relationship with their parents. Stage of schoolchildren (6 â€" 12 years old) On this phase, kids continue to learn new skills; they interact with world as well as communicate with friends. This is a period of high social development, and if children have negative feelings during communication with classmates, they may get serious problems with their self-esteem. The relationships of this period are mostly connected with friends and school. Of course, parents are still very important, but they are not as close as it was earlier. Stage of teenagers (12-18 years old) This is a very complicated phase for both teenager and their parents. On this stage, teenagers develop a very strong devotion to their ideals, such as actors, singers, and friends. They have to search for their own identity and try to develop a sense of high morality. Those teenagers who were unsuccessful on this stage, feel very confused. Stage of young adults (18 â€" 35 years old) This is a period when people are looking for a partner and relationship to make a new family. People seek for communication with others: their partners and friends. If their needs were not satisfied on this stage, they could find themselves isolated from others. Stage of middle-aged adults (35 â€" 65 years old) The most important things of this period are work and career, but people need to feel a connection with family. On this stage there may be significant changes, such as changing career, losing work, adult children leave the house, etc. People need communication with family, co-workers, social communities (gym, church, etc.) Stage of late adults (65 years old to death) Erikson supposed that older adults are able to look back at their life and to think about their success and fails. Some people can feel desperate on this level because they had a lot of bad experience during the life. They could feel afraid of death because they still didnt find the sense and purpose of their life, and it may seem to them they lived the whole life wrong. Other people who were more successful, feel satisfied with the life they lived and they talk about the death as the logical end of their long and productive way. The Eriks wife, Joan M. Erikson had added a 9th period in this theory. She said that old age in 80-90 may give new reevaluations, requirements, and even some difficulties in your life. A woman was 93 years old when she was writing about the nine stage.

Organic Foods The Real Deal Essay - 551 Words

The growth of the organic food industry has been drastic, growing at a rate of 20% annually since 1990. Consumers think that organic foods have more nutritional value, better taste, and have a smaller environmental footprint. Consumers have been willing to spend 10% to 40% more than their traditional counterpart. However, there is little evidence that organic food contains more nutrients, has a better taste, or has less of an environmental impact than traditional foods. In a recent study conducted at the University of Michigan, researchers discovered consumers tended to believe that organic food is more nutritious non organic food. However, the American Cancer Society has noted: It is commonly thought that organic foods may be more†¦show more content†¦Mineral content may be affected by the soil such as iron; nevertheless there is no significant difference by these two farming methods in terms of nutritional content. Another common belief about organic food tastes better. Taste is influenced by many factors such as freshness, which is dependent on the collection methods, production speed and shipment times of goods. In a test with organic vegetables conducted by the University of Hawaii, researchers discovered â€Å"There was a certain difference in taste, But the organic food did not taste any better.† There also has been some debate if organic farming has been beneficial to the environment as perceived by consumers. Although, organic farming does not utilize pesticides, the process by which crops and livestock are grown can be just as dangerous if not fully understood. The USDA requires organic farms to grow produce without the use of synthetic fertilizers. Therefore, farmers must use poop from organically fed animals. This method may lead to cross E-coli, and Salmonella to be cross contaminated in the food supply. Furthermore the byproduct of the animals used to fertilize produces methane, which produce 23 times more greenhouse gasses than planes and automobiles. In addition as many as 40% of organic food are from foreign countries and, 300 of them are in China, This consequently leaves a bigger carbon footprint to ship the products. Foods labeled as Organic do not have any special properties thatShow MoreRelatedThe Benefits of Organic Foods1149 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Benefits of Organic Foods Introduction: In spite of the fact that organic foods have been proved to have a better effect on peoples health in comparison to conventional foods served in supermarkets, the fact that people continue to buy their food without expressing interest in its provenience makes it possible for one to understand that the masses have failed to comprehend the full complexity of the problem at hand. People need to understand that the You are what you eat expression appliesRead MoreMkt 113: Final Project Part I Milestone Two Essay1098 Words   |  5 PagesAll-Organic Pet Food Brett M. Chrestman Southern New Hampshire University The company is opening an independent pet store and they want to market an all-natural pet food called, Mother Natures All-Organic Pet Food. They want to make sure they market the product to the best of their ability to maximize profits and deliver customers a product they can justify the expensive price. It delivers what they promise unlike a majority of the competitors. Most of them offer a semi-organic pet foodRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Food Matters 1707 Words   |  7 Pagestaking interest in the ethical issues of food. On the other hand, several authors in the book â€Å"Food Matters; A Bedford Spotlight Reader†, not only take an interest in the issues, but bring the matters into light. Peter Singer writes about the inhumane way animals are raised, and how there is no need to eat meat or use animal made products. Sally Kohn tells of the injustice way food workers are treated. And, finally Eliot Coleman writes about how the word organic has changed because compani es want toRead MoreMarketing Plan For Whole Foods Essay1319 Words   |  6 Pagesnatural foods. Based on a simple but effective business model, Whole Foods has grown to a position of market leadership that is now being challenged by low-cost organic sellers. According to Feldman (as cited in Giammona, 2015) â€Å"Whole Foods continues to face challenges from competitors going after organic and natural foods more aggressively†(para. 4). The company s differentiation edge against lower-cost competitors is fading as competitors have been successfully emulating the Whole Foods experienceRead MoreGovernment Food Label Requirements : Food Labeling1359 Words   |  6 PagesGovernment Food Label Requirements With all of the information readily available on the internet and news broadcasts it is hard not to hear about the government food labeling controversy currently going on. There are people who want to label genetically modified, organic and natural foods and then there are some who want to do away with all of the labels for one reason or another. Government mandated food labels are a big deal right now because everyone has an opinion about it. A main cause ofRead MoreTaking a Look at the Omnivores Dilemma1267 Words   |  5 Pagesam I exactly eating? Where does our food come from? Why should I care? â€Å"The Omnivore’s Dilemma† may forever change the way you think about food. I enjoyed Mr. Pollan’s book, â€Å"The Omnivore’s Dilemma† and learned a great deal of information. Pollan’s book is a plea for us to stop and think for a moment about our whole process of eating. Pollan sets out to corn fields and natural farms, goes hunting and fora ging, all in the name of coming to terms with where food really comes from in modern AmericaRead MoreAnalysis of Kudlers Marketing Strategy and Position1021 Words   |  4 PagesKudler Fine Foods An Analysis of Kudlers Marketing Strategy and Position Introduction Kudler Fine Foods is a remarkable small business that has a solid business model. In just a few years time, the company has been able to expand their operations to new retail locations as well as expanding the model to offer catering services as well. Despite the initial success Kudler has achieved, the expansion of the business will dictate that the company reevaluates their market position. There are manyRead MoreU.s. Agriculture And Agricultural Productivity1073 Words   |  5 Pagesconsumers. In a fast establishing sector now governed by just a handful of players, Bayer AG’s $66 billion deal with U.S.-based Monsanto Co. has significant negative implications for farmers and the industry. Both are major manufacturers of agrochemicals, seeds and genetically modified crops. There are concerns that such genetic engineering cuts down on natural biodiversity and exposes the food supply to risk from disease and unpredictable weather. â€Å"To narrow the competition must always b e againstRead MoreGenetically Modified Food For Organic Food882 Words   |  4 Pagesgenetically modified food before I take this course. Maybe I did, but I just never paid attention to it until now due to lack of interest on the topic. I ve heard of inorganic and organic food all the time though. I thought that farmers or manufacturers apply some sort of chemicals on the product to make them better in inorganic food. So to me, it was not a big of a deal because not only they try to make the product better but I also notice that inorganic food are way cheaper than organic food. EverytimeRead MoreDescription Of A Shopping Holiday1357 Words   |  6 PagesA Shopping Holiday Are you hungry for some healthful eats? Craving some good wine? Maybe you re just hankering for a great deal. Then let s take a stroll down to the docks and pay a visit to old Trader Joe. If you re lucky enough to find parking –it seems most Trader Joes have rather limited parking lots– you’re on your way to an adventure in grocery shopping. As you pass through the magical sliding glass doors, you enter another world, a fascinating bustle of excitement, smiles and wholesome

Personal Analysis Family Security Essay - 1784 Words

Personal Analysis: For my terminal values from the Rokeach Value Survey, I chose health as my number one value, because I feel like you cannot enjoy any other values if you are not in good health physically and mentally. I chose family security as my second value, my family is very important to me and they come first in my life. True friendship was my third choice. I believe in having someone besides your significant other who knows you inside and out and can tell what you’re thinking just by looking at you. I chose freedom as my fourth value, because it’s hard to live the life you want when you do not have the freedom to do so. Self-respect is fifth, I believe that you cannon love or be loved by another person until you love yourself. Sixth is equality, everyone should have an equal chance to make a better life for themselves or their family. My seventh value is a world of beauty, because the earth gives us so much I think that we should do our part of recycling and ma king smart choices about keeping the earth clean. Inner Harmony is my eighth value, on account of I have a close friend who struggles with inner conflict and I think freedom from that makes for a better life. I choose an exciting life for my ninth value, because doing exciting things makes life more interesting and educational. Salvation is value number ten, I believe in something bigger than the human race and I think having that belief gives me something to look forward to after death. My eleventh value isShow MoreRelatedPersonal Finance : The Management Of Funds Essay1680 Words   |  7 Pagesservices in India being business finance, personal finance, and public finance, finance in India is really comprehensive. Personal finance is entirely related to the application of finance principles, thereby helping an individual to make necessary monetary decisions. 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Specific Purpose: To persuade U.S government to impose restriction on purchase and use of gun. Thesis Statement: Government should impose restriction on purchase and use of guns because it is used widely for illegal purposes all around in U.S. Attention Step I. [Attention Getter] Possessing a weapon such as gun for personal defense does not provide solution for maintaining greater level of security. A. For protection and security, gun is

Role and Function of Art Free Essays

FUNCTION AND ROLE OF ART IN 21st CENTURY Seminar on Aesthetics: Research Assignment – Essay Abstract In 21st century, art is keeping pace with the technological evolution while taking advantage of it. Role and function of art has evolved, adapted and gained diversity in terms of interest, production, specialization and idea. Examination of personal, social and physical functions of art are going to be discussed with examples. We will write a custom essay sample on Role and Function of Art or any similar topic only for you Order Now While discussing assigned roles of today’s art and design, the subject will be clarified with author’s personal opinion. The core aim of this paper is to answer the question of â€Å"What is the role and function of art in the 21st century? † FUNCTION AND ROLE OF ART IN 21st CENTURY 21st century art is a growing field of practice, research and publication, with a lot of diversity in terms of conceptualization. This makes it a lot more interesting to study field of art today. In the early part of the 20th century, what we now call â€Å"Modern Art† became main stream and at a point it all started to look same old. Museums and exhibition environments use to be perceived as high class society by public which puts up a distance between art and the viewer. Other topics that were much-discussed in the late 20th century remain vital for the 21st century art and visual culture. Art of the 21st century is affected by globalization. The world in which we live and work has become increasingly economically, politically, and culturally interconnected. Aided by internet and mass media, people can reach out to local art and artists via a device which has WI-FI or 3G. It is easier to follow development of art by monthly e-mail updates from different services. This incredible growth of interconnectivity emerges with a modern way of critical thinking and scholarly debate, and creates a whole new perspectives and ideas to their consumers. The increased movement of artists across borders and oceans has added to the intermixing of influences. Artist today are regularly and freely mix media and forms, making the choices that best serve their concepts and purposes. Some of the basic personal functions of art such as self-expression, gratification, communication or aesthetic experimentation are still remains today, yet there are many of them and they vary from person to person. A lot of different topic, idea, taboo, cliche and stereotype have been resonating in the world of artists. Some artists are interested in the freedom to solve the special problems of style or technique which fascinate them. Others seek the freedom to use style and technique to express their views about society and political processes. Sometimes a piece doesn’t have to mean anything. The meaning comes with the perceived value of the piece by the audience. For example, John Cage wrote a symphony which continues for four minutes and thirty three seconds of complete silence and called it â€Å"4:33† or â€Å"Four Thirty Three†. Even though piece does not include any kind of musical note, it is one of the most well-known classical music pieces of our century. Conservative communities of classical music do not consider this as a good art as it is not representing its root, while some art critics raising voice against the existence of term â€Å"good† or â€Å"high† art. Any argument and/or objection can change the fact that John Cage’s piece offers a complete new experience and perspective to its audience. The audience is the key to examine social functions of art. In a sense, every piece of art has a social function unless it is not created for an audience. Art has always influenced human and human behavior. Art can influence the attitudes of people in groups, affecting the way they think or feel and, ultimately, the way they act. Today’s social media is playing a key role to bring society together. Facebook, tweeter, myspace a like social web sites has millions of users. Museums, theaters and other traditional exhibition environments have become screens in our bedroom. Going-green† and alike social activism reaches out to its audience by a piece of art or design. Artists attracted by the immediacy and connectivity of globally networked media often create online projects that invite social interaction. Relational aesthetics has developed (and been contested) as a critical theory for analyzing and evaluating such undertakings. Paintings and buildings can be symbols, but only buildings serve a physical function. The art of â€Å"ph ysical function† refers to objects that are made to be used as tools or containers. Architecture, the crafts and industrial design are some areas where physical functionality is inevitable. Today we have industrial designers; they create anything- from earthmovers to cigarette lighters to houses to storefronts. Art shares responsibility for the built environment: how it looks and how it works. And here, art means more than embellishing or beautifying surfaces. We love our dishwashers, air conditioners, automatic ovens, tile bathrooms, and built in stereo sets more than the qualities of light and space that art and design can bring to a home. The great aim for this era is to combine aesthetic and physical functionalities in an art piece. The arts can play a pivotal role in moderating the complexities of our lives. The art can open an argument among diverse groups by creating safe spaces for engagement, thus allowing new relationships to take root. It can help us understand and connect cultural distinctions. It contributes to economic opportunities and community vitality. It enhances our quality of life. Through its multiple means of expression, the art can raise a voice where once there was only silence. As a young designer/artist, I feel lucky to live in this century. Today, transnational flow of information makes it easier to conceptualize and exhibit my work. Thus, economical complications are too influential on artists and especially for designers. Art and design related costumers, producers, sponsors etc. who provides money might try to manipulate/dictate on the final piece, or the concept, even the idea. If we, as artists and designers of the new era can take advantage of new social interactivity, it is very easy to reach out society while not being dependent to providers. It is still early in 21st century. Development of art never stopped, and never will be. In the future, we might look back and see this era as experimentation in combining technology, functionality and art. It might feel like everything has been experimented, done or thought yet we continue to create, spread and consume. Art must play a role in the improvement of our collective existence. Art must participate through visual education and persuasion in the development of popular attitudes which can lead eventually to a better society. How to cite Role and Function of Art, Papers

Moral universalism free essay sample

Moral universalism also called as moral objectivism which can be defined as the position in meta-ethics that some moral values can be applied universally to everyone which is also known as universal morality. Besides, moral universalism also can be defined as the system of ethics, or a universal ethic that applies to all people regardless of their personal opinion or the majority opinion of their cultures. Furthermore, moral universalism also holds the moral values that apply to individual bases on other characteristics such as race, religion, sex, culture or other distinguishing feature (Richardson and Williams, 2009). In addition, universal ethic is a set of principles which apply to all people, whether secular or religious, independent from any particular faith (Wisdomcommons.org, 2013). However, according to Noam Chomsky’s interview in 2007, he defined moral universalism as ‘if something thats right for me, its right for you; and if something that’s wrong for you, its wrong for me’ (Olson and Faigley et al. We will write a custom essay sample on Moral universalism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page , 1991, pp. 135). Moreover, moral universalism does not necessarily imply that morals exist apart from humanity itself, but it also considers the sources of morality outside of opinion. However, universal truths about human nature and reason may come into play as reasons for the universality and objectivism of morality (Delanty, 1997, pp. 3059). Furthermore, according to Noam Chomsky, he mentions that moral absolutism and moral realism are the strong forms of moral universalism. However, moral realism is a philosophical point of view which states that there are moral facts that let us better understanding what we can and should be acted upon (wiseGEEK, 2013). Besides, moral absolution is an ethical view that some form of human conducts are right or wrong, regardless of other circumstances such as their consequences or the intents behind them. In fact, nowadays moral universalism has become a basis for modern human rights. For instance, the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights can be seen as a good example of global efforts to bring a universalist and equal moral justice to everyone in every corner of the world (Schwartz, 2007, pp.  711728).

buy custom Crime and Organization Theory essay

buy custom Crime and Organization Theory essay The organization of crime has been studied in various contexts. Some authors have related the concepts with specific aspects like suicide and murders while others have specialized in criminal groups among other categories. In all these categories, there have been theories that have been put forward to try to explain the meaning of certain behaviors and happenings among different community members and their implications. Some theorists have gone to the extent of trying to demystify the myths on identification of potential offenders using various tools and data gathered from the population and the criminals as well. This will try to answer some fundamental questions based on the study of criminology that set crucial precedence of future and further investigation. This essay focuses mostly on the theoretical part of criminology and pays attention to the authenticity of the theories using scientific validation processes. There are ten questions that will be addressed. Several myths have been put forth as to the occurrence of criminal activities. Some of the myths have later on come to have some scientific backing that has enabled the progress and later on the formulation of theories that support such lines of reasoning. For example, it is normally argued that crime is more of a vicious cycle, one that seems to never come to an end (Geavey, 2002, p. 317). To some extent this seems to have some true grounding. For example, in the works of Harvey (2009), it is noted that based on the crime rates that have continued to be recorded in the business arena, it is clear that the mechanisms and strategies that have been put in place to counter the problem have mainly focused on creation of arsenals for law enforcement in the fields (p. 97). It is noted that criminal activities continue to thrive because there have been reluctant laws in ensuring better detection and dealing with the offenders, hence the necessity in offenders to commit more criminal activities (Harvey, 2009, p. 97). It has also been said that there exists a righteous belief in money laundering whereby criminals continue to grow at such an alarming rate that it has become a threat to the financial systems (Harvey, 2009, p. 97). This is mainly attributed to the fact that money laundering is keenly associated with better lifestyle which in effect reduces the possibility of proper detection and subsequent prosecution of the activities carried out since there are better mechanisms of sealing theloopholes by employment of professionals in different fields who are well paid to do that job (Harvey, 2009, p. 97). Science can clarify this misconception by separating the actual act of crime and classification in the right sections. In doing so it becomes relatively easy to verify whether this myth is verifiable or just another scam. The beauty of scientific verification and accreditation of various issues is the fact that it lays down all the assumptions and then builds a case from fundamentally accepted assumptions. Various theories have been put forward as far as the actual cause of criminal activities is concerned. The same happens with the ways and means of prevention of criminal activities and control measures. For example, according to (Rushton, 2000; Rushton Whitney, 2002) there is a proposition of the evolutionary life-history theory. In this theory, it is proposed that racial differences have to a great extent the possibility of inclinations towards crime at different depths. For example, it is noted that the Blacks who are mainly of African descent are much more prone to criminal activities than any other regions races in the world (Rushton, 2000; Rushton Whitney, 2002) and (Gorecki, 1974). Furthermore, it is noted that in Britain the Blacks accounted for 2 % of the general population while in the jails in Britain the Blacks accounted for a whopping 15 % of the population (Rushton, 2000; Rushton Whitney, 2002). On the other hand, the Asians were the least likely to have criminal acti vities as it was found that they only accounted for about 2 % of the prison population (Rushton Whitney, 2002). There are various ways to prevent crime. However, the most commonly proposed and applied method is the utilization of the CPTED which is an acronym for crime prevention through environmental design as found in the works of Cozen, Saville and Hillier (2005). This is the application of various methods of nature and other modified acts to reduce the possibility of crime occurrence. There are six essential approaches that have been utilized in this work. First, there is application of territoriality whereby there is better execution of ownership sense (Rushton Whitney, 2002). Secondly, it is proposed that surveillance is essential especially in regions termed as zones of intensity since in such areas there is higher density of population and there is likelihood of criminal activities like pick pocketing. SSurveillance using gadgets like the CCTV help to reduce the occurrence of crimes like car crimes, fraud among other crimes (Rushton Whitney, 2002). Thirdly, provision of access contro l especially in public complexes and having activity support like during pedestrian crossing will also help prevent crimes (Rushton Whitney, 2002) and (Moffat, 1983). There is also image management on premises to avert drug dealings and target handling using physical barriers like gates, alarm bells among other things (Rushton Whitney, 2002). According to Wacker (2008), a theory is a set of conceptual relationships that has already been explained. Metcalfe (2004) adds to this notion claiming that a theory is a speculation and a proposal that needs to be proved and is not in itself self-evident. Proof can presented either through argumentation or application of necessary reasoning while in mathematical terms it means to distinguish a problem from what needs to be done (Metcalfe, 2004). A theory becomes a scientific theory if it is capable of fulfilling certain conditions. First, the theory must be able to answer very common questions, for example, What? When? How? Why?Also, the theory is able to prove what should, would and/ or could happen in the event provided the previous questions are answered (Wacker, 2008). It is also noted that the progress of science is also dependent on the language of utility. Most theories that have been proposed in recent times fail to address this issue and lag behind in definition of basic concepts and jargons used in the work thus making it to be disapproved as scientific (Wacker, 2008). The definitions need to be clear and concise and in line with the work that there are being presented for. In addition, the definition has to be unique in that it has not been previously used. According to the classical school of causation of criminology, it is said that the rate of criminal activity is mainly based on the likelihood of the crime appealing less risky and more beneficial in the long run to the criminals (Savelsberg, 2006). It is also said that when the criminals target a certain victim, they take calculated risks on the likelihood of being caught and the probable consequences that would follow, if they were caught (Savelsberg, 2006). The criminals also calculate the possibility of escaping as well as the benefits that would emanate upon successful escape (Savelsberg, 2006). Buy custom Crime and Organization Theory essay

Jocasta from Oedipus the King - Jocastas Monlogue

Jocasta from Oedipus the King - Jocastas Monlogue This dramatic female monologue comes from the Greek play Oedipus the King, Sophocles’ most famous tragedy. Some Necessary Background Information Queen Jocasta (Yo-KAH-stuh) is one of Greek mythology’s most ill-fated characters. First, she and her husband King Laius (LAY-us) learn from the Delphic Oracle (a sort of ancient fortune teller) that their newborn child is destined to kill his father and marry his mother. So, in the play’s first attempt by characters to outwit Fate, they pierce their baby’s ankles to bind them together and leave the child out in the wilderness to die. Little does Jocasta know that a kindly herdsman saves her child. The baby is called Oedipus (ED-uh-pus) – which means swollen ankles - by his adoptive parents, King Polybus (PAH-lih-bus) and Queen Merope (Meh-RUH-pee) from the  nearby city-state of Corinth. When Oedipus grows up, completely unaware that he was a â€Å"foundling,† he learns of the  prophecy that claims that he will commit both patricide and incest. Because he believes that this prediction applies to Polybus and Merope, the parents that he loves, he quickly leaves town believing that he can avoid that terrible fate. This is the plays second attempt by a character to outwit Fate. His escape route has him heading towards the city of Thebes. On his way there, he is almost run over by the chariot of an arrogant king. This king just happens to be King Laius (Oedipus’s biological father). They fight and guess what? Oedipus slays the king. Prophecy Part One fulfilled. Once in Thebes, Oedipus solves a riddle that saves Thebes from a monstrous Sphinx and therefore he  becomes the new king of Thebes. Since the previous king died in an incident of ancient road rage, which for some reason no one ever connects to Oedipus, the current queen Jocasta is a widow and needs a husband. So Oedipus weds the older but still beautiful Queen Jocasta. That’s right, he marries his mother! And over the years, they produce four children. Prophecy Part Two fulfilled – but almost everyone, including Oedipus himself, remains unaware of all of the thwarted efforts to trick Fate. Just prior to the monologue below, news has arrived that the king Oedipus believes to be  his father has died – and it was not at Oedipus’s hand! Jocasta is exceedingly pleased and relieved, but Oedipus is still bothered by the second part of the prophecy. His wife tries to ease the fears of her husband (who is also her son – but she has not figured this out yet) in this speech. JOCASTA: Why should a mortal man, the sport of chance, With no assured foreknowledge, be afraid? Best live a careless life from hand to mouth. This wedlock with thy mother fear not thou. How oft it chances that in dreams a man Has wed his mother! He who least regards Such brainsick fantasies lives most at ease. In another translation of the same monologue translated by Ian Johnston. (Locate Line 1160.) This translation is more modern than the one above and will help you understand the heightened language. (Its also worth looking through this version of the play for additional monologues by Jocasta.) Many Freudian scholars have paid particular attention to this short dramatic monologue. Read up on Freud’s Oedipal Complex and you will understand why. Video Resources Here is a short, animated version of the story of Oedipus the King. This video tells the story of Oedipus in Eight Minutes.

Commercial Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Commercial Law - Essay Example Before it could have been done, the wine cooling cabinet was damaged by vandals. The damage that was made after the contract of sale was beyond the control of Abraham as he could have done nothing to stop it. Therefore, the goods that formed subject matter of the contract perished before the risk passed to the buyer without any fault of either the seller or the buyer. S. 7 of Sale of Goods Act (SOGA), 19791 states that, â€Å"Where there is an agreement to sell specific goods and subsequently the goods, without any fault on the part of the seller or buyer, perish before the risk passes to the buyer, the agreement is avoided.† Also, by the application of S.18 (Rule 2)2, the cabinet was never put into a deliverable state and the property in it stayed with Abraham. Therefore, the agreement between Abraham and Brooke Ltd would be avoided and Abraham would have no liability to Brooke Ltd under this agreement. Against Charlie Abraham offered Charlie to sell three dozen bottles of 19 67 Chateau Trent red wine. Charlie accepted this offer right away as the price offered by Abraham was very good. At that time, Abraham did not know that the vandals who broke into his warehouse had stolen one dozen bottles of 1967 Chateau Trent red wine. ... But it would not be a fair result because only a part of goods, one dozen bottles out of three dozen, were stolen and the rest is still in a deliverable state. These bottles can be delivered to Charlie. The application of Sainsbury v Street5 can give us a fair and a flexible result. In this case, the parties made a contract before the harvest in which the seller agreed to sell his entire crop to the buyer. The actual crop yielded much less than the estimated due to bad weather. The seller, therefore, sold majority of his crop to another buyer and sold the rest to the original buyer for a much higher price. It was held that the seller was liable to pay damages to the buyer because a lower tonnage was not produced due to any fault of the seller and none of the parties had anticipated this. By the application of Sainsbury v Street, Abraham would have to deliver the rest of the bottles at the same price to Charlie if Charlie agrees to pay the same price for two dozen bottles because none of the parties had anticipated a theft. Abraham is not absolved of his performance of the contract. Against Dinsa On Wednesday, Dinsa, the owner of a local florist’s shop, purchased a dozen bottles of French champagne from Abraham and paid in cash. She made payment when Abraham told her that he had plenty of French Champagne in stock. The property in bottles had not passed to Dinsa at the time of payment because the bottles had not been appropriated for her under S.18 (Rule 2) of SOGA. Abraham promised to deliver the bottles to her. On Thursday, he duly loaded a dozen bottles of French champagne on to a lorry owned by a local independent carrier which means that he appropriated the goods for

Annotated Outline and Bibliography Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Annotated Outline and Bibliography - Assignment Example In the military, leaders are in place to train new leaders and in business the means for teaching leadership is not different. As the Chief Executives within an organization, their influence is something that people look up to for guide on how the daily operation should run. Influence is the active relationship among people; however, also inherent in this definition is the concept that influence is multidirectional and noncoercive (Draft and Lane, 2008). A governing board is put together to run as a unit in order to get the job done, but the current means of getting that done is illustrated through the leadership on the board. The means of how one leads can also become a problem, especially if that management style is one that micro manages employees. Communication plays a pivotal part when examining quality issues within an organization. In regards to communication, the lack of proper channels to relay information is one of many problems within RHC. Current leadership lacks the skill especially to professionally transmit verbal communication. This book characterizes a number of the finest methods, organization, and outcomes for various key areas of management in a healthcare organisation. According to the author, the manager has to apply a number of processes and designs to ensure quality in the organisation. These include open systems, community-focused strategic management, and continuous improvement are discussed along with issues such as personal and public health, patient motivations, and safe, effective, efficient patient care. The governing board is important based on its mission and vision, budgeting, quality, membership, board performance, compensation, effectiveness, and legal issues regarding board membership and authority. Basing on the decision theory used to constitute a clinical quality improvement model, RHC may implement protocols to improve the quality of healthcare in accordance with realistic

Examining The Cultural Reason Behind Tattooing And Piercings Media Essay

Examining The Cultural Reason Behind Tattooing And Piercings Media Essay Why is it that more and more people are tattooing and/or piercing themselves? Is there a cultural reason behind this reality? Each time that we walk we see someone with a tattoo and or a piercing(s). The reality is that tattoos and/or piercing(s) have become increasingly popular not just in the United States but all over the world. I admit that I have a tattoo and three piercings. I also admit that I decided to get a tattoo as soon as I turned eighteen like most teenagers do. People have so many reasons as to why they have a tattoo or as to why they want to get a tattoo in the near future. Most of the time we receive images and messages through the media about tattoos and piercings and therefore they may influence us. Some people believe that tattoos are a form of expression and art while others think of tattoos as attractive or taboo. Through the media, adolescents see over 5,000 attractiveness messages per year. This means that most adolescents are being pressure by the media to lo ok unique and different by tattooing/piercing themselves. Not just the media influences a society into tattoos and/or piercing but the culture that they live in. Cultural influences play a huge role on how people act, dress, speak, and even on the way they think. Tattoos and piercing have created their own culture in which people have adapted and continued Despite the fact that some people consider tattoos and/or piercing taboo, people will still continue to tattoo and pierce themselves because it is a cultural practice done for centuries and therefore it will continue for centuries. Tattooing and piercing are two of the oldest practices in the world. They have ancient roots that start as early as 15,000 years ago. According to Jane Caplan, Physical evidence for the practice survives from the late fourth millennium BC in Europe and from about 2000BC in Egypt, and tattooing can be found virtually all parts of the world at the same time (1). Tattoos in many cultures like in the Maroni culture have used tattoos for centuries and considered it as sacred art. The Maroni culture like so many cultures all the world have many purposes as to why they decide to mark themselves forever. Many cultures believed that a tattoo was powerful enough to cure anyone from any illness. Some people also believed that tattooing themselves would help them express their personal and religious believes. Body piercing has been dated as early as 1500 B.C.E. Body piercings like tattoos is consider as a way to express ones one individuality. Similar to tattoos, a person can decided to get pier ce everywhere in the body. There is no rule as to where you can get a tattoo and/or body piercing or how big or small it can be. Tattoos and body piercing have been spread out all around the world and even to the most remote places and cultures. In the essay The Decorated Body by Frances Borel, Borel states, Human nakedness, according to the social custom, is unacceptable, unbearable, and dangerous. From the moment of birth, society takes charge, managing, dressing, forming, and deforming the child-sometimes even with a certain degree of violence. Aside from the most elementary caretaking concerns-the very diversity of which shows how subjective the motivation isan unfathomably deep and universal tendency pushes families, clans, and tribes to rapidly modify a persons physical appearance. (40) There is no rule as to where you can get a tattoo and/or body piercing or how big or small it can be. If we take a closer approach specifically to the culture of tattoos in the United States, we can see how culture has played a huge role in the popularity of tattoos and body piercings. Pretty can be defined in various way and it is defined differently in many cultures. In India, having a ring in your neck is considered beautiful. In China, having small feet done by a process of shrinking feet called foot binding is considered beautiful. In the United States, tattoos to some people are considered beautiful. Tattoos became to be known in the early 1700s. A man named Captain Cook went on a trip to the South Pacific Islands and found fascinating the fact that most people were marked with some distinctive designs. He later brought a young girl with him to the United States and Americans were astounded. Tattoos were at first had made because there was not a specific tool for making tattoos. A man named Martin Hilderbrandt became the first professional tattoo artist in the United States. Hilderbrandt like many tattoo artist had no tool for making efficient and faster tattoos. It was not until 1891 that the first electric needled was used. A man named Samuel OReilly create d and patented the first electric needled. He opened the first tattoo shop in New York City. After the first shop opened in New York City, many Americans decided to become tattoo artists themselves and even opened their own tattoo shops. The number of tattoo artists and shops increased rapidly in the United States. Some Americans believed that if they tattooed their entire body, they would express their individuality. Men and women decided to exhibit themselves and some went on traveling shows or went to work on the circus. Some couples would tattoo their whole body and display themselves on public. I personally would not decide to cover my entire body in tattoos and/or body piercings. Beside the fact that tattoos and body piercings are expensive, they are also painful. I decided to get a shooting star tattoo because beside the fact that I love stars I wanted to get a design that was unique. One of my close friends designed by tattoo and therefore it made my tattoo original and unique. I did not know why I decided to get a tattoo. However since tattoos and body piercings were so new in America, many did not accept them. While many Americans were fascinated with tattoos and body piercing, others viewed them a taboo. Some people did not have any taste with tattoos and/or body piercings. Tattoos become so popular in so little time that it was hard for people to accept them. Tattoos were not considered art or a way of individualism. Tattoos were not considered as a way of expression. Many believed that it was morally wrong to tattoo and/or body pierce the entire body. However tattoos and body piercings never went out of style and continued to be popular not just in the United States but all over the world. After World War Two (WWII), many Americans decided to get a tattoo(s) to show their courage and bravery in the war. Tattoos and body piercings become a style and a fashion. Tattoos and body piercings became a trend and it is still a trend even to this day. They are both widely accepted like they were in many different culture all around the world. Different forms of tattoo art have been practiced by many different cultures of the world, over the centuries.Tattooing is one of the oldest practices in the United States. Tattoos have become part of our everyday life and we cannot stop it. Andres Martin, author of the essay On Teenagers and Tattoos states, Tattoos and piercing have become a part of our everyday landscape (24). Tattoos and body piercings in America are everyday things. Tattoos are not very easily removed and at the same time the procedure is very expensive and painful. But do people decide to get tattoos and/or piercings? According to Jane Caplan, Tattooing is one of many forms of irreversible body alteration, including scarification, cicatrization, piercing and branding, and it is the probable the oldest and most widespread of these (1). Work Cited Borel, France. The Decorated Body. Aims of Argument Text and Reader. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill College, 2010. 40-42. Print. Caplan, Jane. Written on the Body: the Tattoo in European and American History. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton UP, 2000. Print. Martin, Andres. On Teenagers and Tattoos. Aims of Argument Text and Reader. 6th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill College, 2010. 24-28. Print. Rubin, Arnold. Marks of Civilization: Artistic Transformations of the Human Body. Los Angeles, Calif.: Museum of Cultural History, University of California, 1988. Print.

Criminal Theories Essay

An in-depth knowledge of theories is not required at this level, rather demonstration of knowledge of two of the biological, sociological and psychological explanations for criminal behaviour and how factors such as  negative family influences, lack of education, poverty and unemployment may impact on the behaviour of the offender and how society’s views of criminal behaviour have changed over time. â€Å"I confirm that the work that I am submitting is entirely my own, and I have not copied from any other student or source, unless referenced†. P3 – Describe two theories of criminal behaviour and the factors that contribute to them When looking at crime, it is essential that we explore the definitions of crime and the theories that explain why crime happens and how this affects both individuals and communities. The study of crime is commonly known as â€Å"Criminology†. Criminology originated from many other disciplines such as sociology, psychology, biology, geography, law and anthropology. It is generally accepted that there are three main categories that are used to explain why crime happens. To dive deeper into the theories surrounding criminal behaviour we can  analyse the three main and biggest theories behind a Criminal and their Behaviour: A) psychological models; B) sociological models; and C) biological models. All infer different methods of control and actions. It’s actually difficult to separate the three categories completely as it is generally accepted that all three theories contribute large factors that play a role in the expression of behaviour. Moreover, psychological science consists of several disciplines including biological psychology and social psychology, so psychological principles could be applied across all three domains. However, there are some general principles associated with each of the above three paradigms that would be associated with some specific crime control policies. This results in admittedly narrow definition for each of the categories but it does simplify the discussion herein. Psychological Approaches There a many different psychological models of criminal behaviour ranging from early Freudian notions to later cognitive and social psychological models. I cannot review them all. Instead, there are several fundamental assumptions of psychological theories of criminality (and human behaviour in general) that follow. These are: 1. The individual is the primary unit of analysis in psychological theories. 2. Personality is the major motivational and influencial element that drives behaviour and their actions within individuals. 3. Normality is generally defined by social consensus. 4. Crimes then would result from abnormal, dysfunctional, or inappropriate mental processes within the personality of the individual. 5. Criminal behaviour may be purposeful for the individual insofar as it addresses certain felt needs. 6. Defective, or abnormal, mental processes may have a variety of causes, i.e., a diseased mind, inappropriate learning or improper conditioning, the emulation of inappropriate role models, and adjustment to inner conflicts. Given these six principles to establish psychological explanations of criminal behaviour we can suggest first that traditional imprisonment, fines, and other court sanctions are based on operant learning models of behaviour for crime control. Operant learning models are based on  the utilitarian concepts that all people wish to maximize pleasure and minimize pain or discomfort. Skinnerian based social psychological theories of reinforcement and punishment are influential in this model of criminal control although the idea of punishment for crime has a much longer history (Jeffery, 1990). Technically speaking, punishments are any sanctions designed to decrease a specific behaviour; thus, fines, jail sentences, etc. are all forms of punishment. However, Skinner himself recognized that punishment was generally ineffective in behaviour modification and that reinforcement worked better (e.g., Skinner, 1966). Actually, a caveat should be applied here. Punishment is effective if applied properly, but unfortunately it rarely is applied properly. Punishment needs to be immediate (or as close to the time the offence occurred as possible), inescapable, and sufficiently unpleasant (in fact the more it is subjectively perceived as harsh the better). Given the judicial system in the U.S. it would be hard to apply punishment to its maximal effectiveness, thus it is not an effective deterrent as seen in the stable homicide rates of states that carry the death penalty. Nonetheless, punishments and sanctions for criminal behaviour are based on behavioural psychological principles. Because harsh forms of punishment do not appear to significantly decrease recidivism rates, other psychological principles have been applied. In terms of cognitive behavioral psychological principles, rehabilitation and relearning, retraining, or educational programs for offenders are forms of psychologically based methods to control crime. These methods are based on the cognitive behavioural methods of teaching an alternative functional response in place of a formally dysfunctional one as opposed to simple punishment. These programs can take place in prisons or outside of the prison and have long been demonstrated to be successful (e.g., Mathias, 1995). So any form of retraining, re-education, or re-entry program is based on psychological principles of criminality and reform. Rehabilitation programs are often rarely implemented in jail or prison however. Many of these programs appear to be especially beneficial for drug and alcohol offenders. Likewise, any form education such as the DARE program and recent efforts to curb bullying in schools are based on these methods. In line with this, changing the environment of the offender such as providing more opportunities would be a psychological behavioural principle designed to cut  crime. In line with other psychological methods are policies aimed at maintaining a visible presence of law enforcement and methods to maintain self-awareness of people in tempting situations. Such methods are preventative. For instance, it has been a well-known social psychological principle that situations that diminish self-consciousness and self-awareness lead individuals to being less restrained, less self-regulated, and more likely to act without considering the consequences of their actions (e.g., Diener, 1979). The simple act of placing mirrors in stores can increase self-awareness and decrease shop-lifting. Likewise, the presence of visible law-enforcement can cut down on substantially crime. Making sanctions and the consequences for crime well-publicized and available to the public is another psychological method to control crime in this vein. Various forms of criminal profiling are based heavily on psychological principles and represent an effort to either apprehend existing criminals or to identify persons at risk for certain behaviour (Holmes & Holmes, 2008). More recently there have been efforts to develop methods to identify individuals at risk for certain forms of deviant behaviour including criminal activities based on personality and social variables. Sociological Approaches Sociological principles and psychological principles of criminality are intertwined and technically not independent. As with psychological theories there are numerous sociological formulations of the cause and control of criminality. For purposes of this paper we will define sociological notions of criminality as: 1. Attempting to connect the issues of the individual’s criminality with the broader social structures and cultural values of public, social, familial, or peer group. 2. How the contradictions of all of these interacting groups contribute to criminality. 3. The ways these structures ,cultures and contradictions have historically developed and evolved. 4. The current processes of change that these groups are undergoing. 5. Criminality is viewed from the point of view of the social make up and construction of criminality and its social causes. Traditional sociological theories proposed that crimes was a result of anomie, a term meaning â€Å"normlessness† or a feeling of a lack of social norms, and feeling departed from a social peer group or departed a lack of being connected to  society. The term was made popular by Émile Durkheim (1897). Durkheim originally used the term to explain suicide, but later sociologists used the term to describe the dissociation of the individual from the collective conscience or the criminality resulting from a lack of opportunity to achieve aspirations or by the learning of criminal values and behaviours. Therefore criminality results by the failure to properly socialize individuals and by unequal opportunities between groups. Durkheim believed that crime was an inescapable fact of society and advocated maintaining crime within reasonable boundaries. A feature of sociological theories is that society â€Å"constructs† criminality. Thus, certain types of human activity are harmful and are judged so by society as a whole. But it is also true that there are other behaviors recognized by society as â€Å"criminal† that do not result in harm to others and are therefore criminalized without sufficient ground, these are the so-called â€Å"victimless† crimes. These include drug use, prostitution, etc. Therefore according to this view if carried to its extreme 100% of the members of a society are lawbreakers at some point. One of the sociological policy methods of crime control would be to advocate for decriminalization of these victimless crimes or at least a vast reduction in their penalties (Schur, 1965). Social programs aimed at socializing children properly and providing support for single family homes are also examples of sociological methods to control crime. There are a number of these programs including care er academies (small learning communities in low-income high schools, offering academic and career/technical courses as well as workplace opportunities). Finally, sociological policies to control crime would enable stronger and harsher penalties to be enforced when regarding serious crimes such as murder, rape, are more effective law enforcement. Again, sociologists accept the reality that crime is a social phenomenon that will not disappear no matter how many interventions are enacted to control it. Sociologists note that of every 100 crimes committed within the United States, only one is sent to prison. A vast number are unreported and of those that are reported only a small portion goes to trial as a result of the victim being too scared to come forward and fear for their social morbidity. If a justice system is to work properly it must be able to rely on its law enforcement system and judicial system to bring to justice and prosecute serious offenders. The purposes of  imprisonment include punishment, rehabilitation, deterrence, and selective confinement. All of these should be utilized where appropriate for the individual (Hest er & Eglin, 1992). Biological Approaches Biological theories of criminality basically purport that criminal behavior is the result of some flaw in the biological makeup of the individual. This physical flaw could be due to (Raine, 2002): (1) Heredity (2) Neurotransmitter dysfunction (3) Brain abnormalities that were caused by either of the above, improper development, or trauma. Biological theorists would also endorse a harder penalty and better law enforcement techniques for crime control, but there are several methods of crime control that are specific to the biological theories of criminality. I will discuss these briefly here. Psychosurgery: Brain surgery to control behaviour has rarely been applied to criminal behaviour. Certainly much more common between the 1930’s to the late 1970’s there were over 40,000 frontal lobotomies performed. Lobotomies were used to treat a wide range of problems from depression, to schizophrenia. However, while widely discussed as a potential treatment for criminal behaviour a perusal of the literature could not find a court ordered case for a lobotomy as a sentence for a convicted criminal Lobotomies were also used for people who were considered an annoyance because the demonstrated behaviours characterized as moody or they were children who were defiant with authority figures such as teachers. The lobotomy involves separating the prefrontal cortex from the rest of the brain either surgically or in the case of the transorbital lobotomy with a sharp ice-pick like instrument that was inserted in the eye socket between the upper eyelid and the eye. In this method the patient was not anesthetized, not even children. The psychiatrists hit the end of the instrument with a hammer to disconnect the nerves in the frontal lobe of the brain. Afterwards behaviours were changed, but at a high price as you can imagine. Today the lobotomy has fallen out of favour due medications used to co ntrol behaviour, although some view the use of medications as equivalent to a lobotomy (e.g., see Breggin, 2008). Psychosurgery appears to be an option that will most likely not be put into use due to the stigma associated with it. Chemical methods of control: The  use of pharmacological treatments to try to control crime has been ongoing in two major areas: chemical castration for sex offenders and pharmacological interventions for drug or alcohol addicts. However, addicts can stop the medication and return to use. Sex offenders are closely monitored and there is some evidence that this policy has been efficacious. Sometimes mentally ill people in the criminal justice system been ordered to take medications to treat their mental illness. Other pharmacological interventions to control crime seem plausible and are being investigated, but do not appear to have been widely used. Others: Deep brain stimulation is used for some disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, but has yet been investigated for criminal behaviour. Biological theorists have advocated changes in diet to deal with criminality (Burton, 2002) and better relations between parents. There is also the famous genetic XYY combination that was once thought to be a marker for a criminal type, but as it turned out these individuals were found to be less intelligent or more likely to have learning difficulties as opposed to being criminal types. While there are many studies indicating a connection between antisocial personality disorder or criminal behavioural and heredity, there are no policies being implemented to advocate for selective breeding, genetic testing etc. for criminals. I do not yet envision a policy of genetic testing for criminals as the variables are not stable enough in order to predict with set of gene combinations are predictive of a biological criminal type (Rutter, 2006) alt hough this is certainly a possibility. If the biological model of criminality has any significant effect on policy outside the use of chemical castration for sex offenders, it would be the policy that certain forms of criminal behaviour or certain individuals may not be rehabilitated and the advocacy for harsher and stricter imprisonments or even executions are viable methods of control in these instances. The issue for the community is how to recognize a significant biological contribution to criminal behaviour since genetic testing is unreliable and there are no other physical markers of criminality. It seems that currently in the absence of very harsh crimes like murder and rape one must be recognized as a repeat offender before we can acknowledge a possible innate tendency towards criminality. By that time the damage, which is often irreparable, is done. Perhaps the answer lies in stricter probation and parole practices for first-time offenders. However,  this policy is expensive and tax payers may not support it. The policy mandating convicted sex offenders to be monitored over their lifetime and certain restrictions placed on them is a result of the acknowledgment of a biological predisposition to engage in this crime and therefore traditional forms of treatment or remediation do not appear to be effective. Similar policies might follow with habitual criminal offenders based on the biological theories of criminality. Reference List American Psychiatric Association (APA, 2002). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th Ed.). Arlington, VA: Author. Breggin, P.A. (2008). Brain disabling treatments in psychiatry: Drugs, electroshock, and the psychopharmaceutical complex. (2nd Edition) New York: Springer University Press. Burton, R. (2002). The Irish institute of nutrition and health. In Diet and criminality. Retrieved June 17, 2011, from http://www.iinh.net/health_and_nutrition_articles/diet_and_criminality.htm. Diener, E. (1979). Deindividuation, self-awareness, and disinhibition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(7), 1160-1171. Durkheim, Emile (1897) [1951]. Suicide: A study in sociology. New York; The Free Press. Hester, S. & Eglin, P. (1992). A sociology of crime. London: Routledge. Holmes, R. M., & Holmes, S. T. (2008). Profiling violent crimes: An investigative tool (Fourth Edition). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc. Jeffery, R. C. (1990). Criminology: An interdisciplinary approach. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Mathias, R. (1995). Correctional treatment helps offenders stay drug and arrest free. NIDA notes, 10 (4). Merton, Robert K. (1968). Social Theory and Social Structure. New York: Free Press. Mischel, W. (1968). Personality and assessment. New York: Wiley. Raine, A. (2002). The biological basis of crime. In J.Q Wilson & J. Petrsilia (Eds.)Crime:Public policies for crime control. Oakland: ICS Press. Rutter, M. (2006). Genes and Behavior: Nature-Nurture Interplay Explained.Boston: Blackwell. Schur E. (1965) Crime without victims. Englewood: Cliffs. Skinner, B. F. (1966). The phylogeny and ontogeny of behavior. Science, 153, 1204– 1213.

Magazine Advertisements Send Unhealthy Signals To Women

Magazines advertisements portray beauty using models that are usually abnormally thin. This makes most woman, especially those who are young, feel inferior and insecure about their own bodies. They believe they will only be beautiful if they look like the women in the magazines. Most women will try going on a crazy diets like the tapeworm diet, or the baby food diet, just to try to look like the models on the cover of magazines. Even young girls see the magazines as a reflection of what they should look like when they get older. Woman will stare at themselves in the mirror and find all kinds of things wrong with their body, face, and clothing. They will compare anything and everything from their weight to their hair to the models on†¦show more content†¦In society, most women as well as men, are overweight. We should teach people to love themselves and accept who they are. If they don’t then do something to change it, but do it the right way. Women go to extremes to t ry to change themselves to have what society visualizes as â€Å"the perfect body.† They try changing everything about themselves to try to be accepted. This leads to eating disorders and young woman getting sick, sometimesShow MoreRelatedMagazine Advertisements Send Unhealthy Signals to Young Women655 Words   |  3 Pagesproportioned bodies instead of abnormally thin women who contributed to the rise in the numbers of people suffering from eating disorders. A report by the British Medical Association claimed that the promotion of rake-thin models such as Kate Moss and Jodie Kidd was creating a distorted body image which young women tried to imitate. It suggested that the media can trigger and perpetuate the disease. 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Co Operative Education And Traditional Education - 1970 Words

â€Å"Unlike other subjects that may require work and effort to understand, people tend to think they know what education is. It is familiar topic: a word in the daily use. It’s all around us. We go to college or university to get educated. We entrust our children to schools in the belief that they will become knowledgeable and skilled† (Wood 11). Evidently, education is a long-term process, which almost all people must experience in life. So that, the choices associated with major, future job or kind of programs are controversial problems in general public, especially the issue of whether or not Co-operative (Co-op) education is better than traditional (Non Co-op) programs. Additionally, it is also implied that Co-operative program is known as†¦show more content†¦As evidence of this, according to Learning to Learn, â€Å"College teachers have expressed frustration about attendance in class, uncompleted reading assignments, and student focus on grades rather than learning. Student surveys indicate that courses are not interesting, that students fail to recognize the value of what they are learning, and that many faculty rely too heavily on lectures for transmitting information† (Wirth and Perkins 2-3). Moreover, the rote learning style, which is the memorization of information based on repetition, though might not understand basic content deeply or may immediately forget the facts they have learned after the test is the harmful disease that so many students are struggling. Contrary to conventional education programs, it is implied that â€Å"Evidently, enabling students to experience the more theoretical world of school in tandem with the more practical world of work has the potential of increasing some of the positive outcomes of education† (Jeela 2). In other words, due to integrated learning model of co-op educational structure, the student can review knowledge what is gained in class more effective than studying what we re taken note. 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